Ikhiwane (Ficus carica)

Umuthi womkhiwane ungomunye wemithi yezithelo ethandwa kakhulu ezivandeni nasezingadini lapho kuniselwa khona kancane . Uyisitshalo esibekezelela ukuthenwa kahle kakhulu, futhi sidinga ukuchitha amahora ambalwa ngonyaka ngaphansi kuka-7ºC ukuze sikhiqize inani elikhulu lezithelo phakathi nesizini.

Lokhu kwenza kube mnandi kakhulu ukuyikhulisa, ngoba ayidingi ukunakekelwa. Ngakho-ke uma ufuna ukunambitheka amakhiwane asanda kuvunwa, sizokuchazela konke ngomkhiwane ukuze ungaphuthelwa lutho.

Umsuka nezici zomuthi womkhiwane

Umuthi womkhiwane, ogama lawo lesayensi linguFicus carica , umuthi okhula ukhula usuka eNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia, kodwa wafika eGibhithe ngesikhathi samaFaro kanye naseRoma yasendulo. Ukusuka lapho, cishe wethulwa kwezinye izingxenye zeMedithera, njengeSpain. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa ku-Science lubonisa ukuthi kwakuyisitshalo sokuqala ukufuywa, cishe eminyakeni eyinkulungwane ngaphambi kokuba senze ngezinye ezifana nokolweni.

Kodwa kunjani? Nokho, yisitshalo esingafinyelela ukuphakama okuphezulu kwamamitha ayi-8, yize ekulimeni kunzima ukuthola izinhlobo ezidlula amamitha ama-4 . Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi siyanqunywa ukuze kube lula ukuvuna amakhiwane, ngoba uma sishiywa sikhule ngokukhululeka, lawo ahluma emagatsheni aphezulu cishe angagcina ephansi, aqhume ngenxa yokushaywa yiwo futhi ngenxa yalokho angafaneleki ukudliwa.

Umqhele ungamamitha angu-3-4 ububanzi esibonelweni esikhulile , futhi wakhiwe ngamagatsha amaningi lapho kuvela khona amaqabunga anezingqimba, afinyelela kumasentimitha angu-25 ubude nafinyelela kumasentimitha angu-18 ububanzi. Lawa aluhlaza, kodwa lapho isimo sezulu siqala ukupholisa aphenduka aphuzi, abe nsundu bese ekugcineni ewa.

Iqhakaza entwasahlobo , futhi yenza kanjalo ngendlela exakile kakhulu: ikhiqiza amakhiwane aqukethe izimbali ezincane ngaphakathi, ezitholwa yiqembu elithile lama-wasps. Lezi zinambuzane zingena ngembobo encane phansi komkhiwane bese zibeka amaqanda azo ngaphakathi. Uma izibungu zesilisa seziqhamukile, ziyahlangana nezinsikazi ezisengaphakathi bese ziyafa.

Ekugcineni, ezinsikazi ekugcineni ziyaphuma eqandeni futhi, njengoba zinamaphiko, zingaphuma emkhiwaneni, kodwa ngaphandle kokuthatha impova ezimbalini zawo kuqala ezosetshenziselwa ukuvuthela esinye isihlahla somkhiwane.

Zingaki izitshalo ozikhiqizayo ngonyaka?

Kuzoncika kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezihlahla zomkhiwane. Ezinye zikwenza kanye kuphela, maphakathi/ekupheleni kwehlobo, kodwa ezinye zikwenza kabili : ekuqaleni kwesizini, zikhiqiza lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi ama-brebas (amancane kunezihlahla zomkhiwane), kanye nesinye isikhathi phakathi kuka-Agasti noSepthemba enyakatho yezwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-Ficus carica ingaba yi-dioecious, okusho ukuthi kunezinhlobo zesilisa nezesifazane; noma i-monoecious, enezimbali zobulili zombili esihlahleni esifanayo.

Uneminyaka emingaki umkhiwane?

I- Ficus carica ihlala iminyaka engama - 50-60 . Ikhula ngokushesha kakhulu futhi iqala ukukhiqiza amakhiwane kusenesikhathi. Iphinde ikhiqize amahlumela amaningi, ngakho-ke noma ngabe isitshalo esingumama sifa, ungahlala ugcina amanye. Ngale ndlela, asikho isidingo sokuthenga esinye isihlahla.

izinhlobo zemikhiwane

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zemikhiwane emhlabeni, kodwa sizoncoma ezinye ezitshalwa kakhulu eSpain, njengoba zivame ukuzivundisa, njengalezi:

• i-albacore: iyinhlobonhlobo, ngenxa yemvelaphi yayo (isifunda saseMedithera), imelana kakhulu nesomiso. Ine-biferous, futhi ikhiqiza izivuno ezimbili ngonyaka.
• Blanca: lamakhiwane amhlophe, njengokusho kwegama lawo. Zingagcinwa zomile kangcono kunezinye izinhlobo.
• Celeste: Inamakhiwane anesikhumba esinsomi, nenyama ebomvana enokunambitheka okumnandi.
• Saree Lob: Iwuhlobo olukhiqiza amakhiwane anesikhumba esinsomi, anokunambitheka okumnandi nephunga elimnandi. Umphumela wukuthi ivamise ukuvuleka ngokushesha nje lapho ivuthwa, ngakho-ke kufanele ivunwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuvinjwe izinambuzane kanye/noma izinyoni ukuba zingasitholi.
• I-Verdal: Lawa amakhiwane aluhlaza avuthwa sekwephuzile, kusukela ekupheleni kwehlobo kuya cishe phakathi nekwindla. Kodwa bane-flavour enhle kakhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa kwesihlahla somkhiwane

Kuyisihlahla esinokusetshenziswa okumbalwa. Okubaluleke kakhulu njengomuthi wezithelo : kokubili amakhiwane namakhiwane okuqala kudliwa kusha, noma "komisiwe." Asetshenziswa futhi ekwenzeni amajamu nama-dessert amnandi. Kodwa-ke, yize lokhu kuyindlela eyaziwayo kakhulu yokusetshenziswa, kukhona okunye okuthakazelisayo ngokulinganayo: njengomuthi wokuhlobisa . Kuyisitshalo esikhula kancane, esidinga ilanga kuphela kanye nenhlabathi ekhipha amanzi kahle. Abanye abantu baze basikhulise njenge-bonsai noma umuthi omncane ebhodweni. Ukusithena akusilimazi kakhulu inqobo nje uma kwenziwa ngesikhathi esifanele futhi kungesinzima kakhulu.

Esikhathini esidlule, i-latex yayisetshenziselwa ukulwa nemigodi nama-warts, kodwa namuhla, nodokotela abangochwepheshe, kungcono ukuya kubo, ngoba ingozi yokuba nezinkinga iphezulu. Futhi kungukuthi i-latex kuphela ngokuthintana nesikhumba ingabangela ukulunywa nokuluma, kanye nokuzwela ekukhanyeni; futhi uma sidliwe singaba nomuzwa wokungakhululeki, ukuhlanza kanye/noma isicanucanu.

Isihlahla somkhiwane sidinga ukunakekelwa ini?

Manje ake siqhubekele ekunakekeleni lesi sihlahla. Njengoba kade silindele, yisihlahla sezithelo eseneliswa okuncane. Kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kucatshangelwe izinto ezimbalwa, ngaphandle kwalokho kungase kungakhuli ngendlela esifisa ngayo:

Indawo

I -Ficus carica idinga ukukhanya okuningi . Eqinisweni, kungcono ukuyibeka endaweni enelanga eliqondile kusukela ekuqaleni, mhlawumbe usuku lonke, yize ingakhula kahle ngesigamu sosuku kuphela.

Izimpande zawo ziyahlasela, kepha futhi akufanelekile ukubeka izitshalo ngaphansi komqhele noma eduze kwesiqu sawo, ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi ngeke ziphile ngokukhipha i-ethylene (igesi ekhuthaza ukuwa kwamaqabunga ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kanye i-senescence noma ukuguga, futhi ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kwezitshalo).

Umhlaba

• Imbiza yezimbali: uma izoba sebhodweni, izogcwala, isibonelo, i-universal substrate (iyathengiswa Ayikho imikhiqizo etholiwe.).
• Ingadi noma ingadi yezithelo: Inhlabathi kufanele ingathathi hlangothi noma ibe yisisekelo, ibe ne-pH engaphezu kuka-6.5. Ikhula ngaphandle kobunzima emhlabathini wobumba, kodwa kufanele ibe nokugeleza okuhle; okungukuthi, uma sibona ukuthi uma sinasela noma lina, amachibi amanzi athatha amahora noma izinsuku ukuthi anyamalale, kufanele sifake amapayipi okukhipha amanzi, noma senze imigudu noma imithambeka ukuze kungabe kusenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho utshala emhlabathini, kunconywa kakhulu ukuxuba inhlabathi nge-perlite noma ubumba.

Ukunisela

Ukunisela ngokuvamile akufanele kube njalo , ikakhulukazi uma kutshalwe emhlabathini. Ukuze ngikunike umbono wokuthi kumelana kanjani nesomiso, mina nginayo engadini yami eningizimu yeMallorca, futhi asikaze siyinisele. Sithola amalitha angaba ngu-350 kuphela emvula ngonyaka, esakazeka ebusika, maphakathi nehlobo (cishe engxenyeni yesibili ka-Agasti), futhi ngezinye izikhathi entwasahlobo.

Yiqiniso, uma ikhulile ebhodweni, izinto ziyashintsha, ngoba kulezi zimo inani lenhlabathi lilinganiselwe kakhulu, futhi libuye lome ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, uma igcinwe esitsheni, sizonisela cishe kabili ngesonto, ngaphandle kwasekwindla nasebusika, lapho sizokhipha isikhala sokuchelela.

Umbhalisile

Ukuvundisa kufanele kwenziwe njalo kusukela entwasahlobo kuze kube sekupheleni kwehlobo . Akubalulekile uma umuthi utshalwe emhlabathini, kodwa kuyanconywa uma usebhodweni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi awuphelelwa izakhamzimba. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunconywa kakhulu ukuvundisa umuthi womkhiwane ngomanyolo owuketshezi, njenge-guano noma i-seaweed extract, ngokulandela imiyalelo yephakheji.

Ukuphindaphinda

Isihlahla somkhiwane singaphindaphindeka ngezindlela ezintathu ezihlukene: ngembewu ekwindla (nasentwasahlobo, kodwa esanda kuba ngcono), ukusikwa (ekupheleni kobusika) kanye ne-air layering (entwasahlobo).

Izinambuzane

Iyakwazi ukumelana, kodwa kwezinye izikhathi ingaba:

• Ama-Mealybugs: Bathanda izindawo ezomile nezishisayo. Banamathela emaqabunga nasemakhiwaneni, futhi badla ubisi lwabo.
• umkhiwane fly: Sika amakhiwane eseluhlaza, awe masinyane.
• amakhiwane: bamba amagalari emagatsheni abonakala entwasahlobo.
• izibungu emakhiwaneni: yilezo zempukane, ezithinta nezinye izihlahla. Amakhiwane aqeda ukukhula kwawo, kodwa ngaphakathi sizobona ukuthi agcwele izibungu.
• amacimbi emaqabunga: badla i-epidermis yamaqabunga.

Izifo

Ngokuqondene nezifo, ungaba nalokhu okulandelayo:

• Okugqamile, evame ukuvela ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwe-mealybug.
• Ukubola kwezimpande, okubangelwa ukuchelela ngokweqile kanye/noma inhlabathi ekhipha amanzi kabi, evuna isikhunta se-pathogenic njenge-phytophthora.
• igciwane le-mosaic, okubangela ukubonakala kwamachashaza amise okwe-mosaic emaqabunga, futhi ngeshwa alikho ikhambi.

Izihlahla

Kwenzeka ekupheleni kobusika. Okwenziwayo yilokhu okulandelayo:

• Susa ama-suckers. Kwesinye isikhathi umuntu uyasala lapho isihlahla sesisondele ekupheleni kokuphila kwaso.
• Sika amagatsha abukeka kabi, aphukile, omile noma anezimpawu zesifo noma izinambuzane ezinkulu ezifana namabhore ngaphakathi, isibonelo.
• Sika lezo ezinde kakhulu, okungukuthi, labo abakunikeza ukubukeka "kwasendle" noma okungcolile.

Isibindi

Ingamelana namazinga okushisa afinyelela ku--12ºC , yize kungadingeki ukuthi ifinyelele phansi kangako ukuze ithele izithelo. Endaweni yami, isibonelo, yehla kuphela ku--1,5ºC, futhi sidla amakhiwane amnandi njalo ehlobo, ngakho ungakhathazeki uma uhlala esifundeni esinesimo sezulu esithambile njengami. Into ebalulekile ukuthi izinkathi ezine zonyaka zihlukile, nokuthi ekwindla nasebusika okungenani kunamahora ayi-100 ngaphansi kwama-degrees Celsius angu-7.

Ubucabangani ngomkhiwane? Unaye umuntu?